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Not everything you read on the internet is correct. I always take advice and guides with a pinch of salt. However, the necessity of UVA/B lighting is a must as they are precursor to reptiles processing vitamins D and D3 from their food. There are scientific papers to prove this. The fact that the previous owner has fed it vitamins may explain the reason why the MBD hasn't advance to severe stages as the vitamins maybe soluble and utilised by the dragon whereas if they are eating a diet that does not contain any vitamins D or D3 then UVA/B lighting will be required to synthesis the food they eat into vitamins D or D3. That's my hypothesis anyway.So we actually know surprisingly little about reptiles and their lighting/dietary requirements. We supposedly "know" that turtles and tortoises need UVB to develop strong shells but I've known people to raise turtles in bins with an inch of water and never any calcium, multivitamin, or UVB and they grow up fine. I've also heard the story of a tortoise who escaped his enclosure and lived in a massive house bordering on a mansion for 10 years to be later discovered alive and well (during the owner's relocation) although very stunted in size. I asked if they had edible house plants kept at floor level and they said no. His source of food and water are unknown to this day much less UVB.
If this story is true, and I doubt that it is, then it basically means that a baby bearded dragon can grow for 1 year at a somewhat slower than normal rate without any UVB. The purpose of UVB exposure is to create vitamin D3 which is needed to absorb calcium and some people believe that it cannot be dietarily supplemented because it would be digested but rather it needs to be produced in the skin and enter the bloodstream directly. If this story is true, it would be strong evidence against that theory and it would make basic bearded dragon survival care much cheaper and easier.
But once again, I really don't think it's true. I think something got lost in translation and the lizard did indeed get UVB either from a past owner who just bought the lighting that the pet store recommended not knowing it provided UVB or by leaving it near an open window for extended periods without connecting that that, under the correct circumstances, is providing UVB despite not having a dedicated UVB bulb.
There are also scientific paper that states that UVA/B lighting is an active stimulant to appetite. Heat can also stimulate an appetite and heat mats really don't produce the kind of heat we want. Maybe for seedlings but for reptiles its not that great. I am guessing the previous owner dust its food with the calcium and vitamin supplement. Which means that the lack of appetite would have caused not enough vitamin consumption and therefore in the state that he is in at the moment. Small and showing signs of MBD.
Now don't all going around turning off your UVA/B lights to save money. It's just my theory but I rather provide what is naturally best for my Pets even if its true.
The fact that you have gone to rescue it is a gift in itself. With continued conditions like that I doubt it will live a long and happy life. Hope you find someone that can care for it properly!